大萧条已经到来？1929年美国大萧条的启示及影响

「美国大萧条 Great Depression」

有人整理了“1929年美国大萧条”时期，在社会的十一个现象，作为惨痛的历史教训，值得大家一读:

1.普通人大量失业，失业是大萧条的显著特征，1931年美国失业率高达25%。

2.生产过剩，消费不足，穷人消费不起，中产不敢消费，经济螺旋下降。

3.股市崩溃，债市崩溃，利率上涨，工厂倒闭，或者削减工人工资，群体心态剧变。

4.房东大量驱逐没钱缴纳房租的房客，年轻人大量流落街头，或者投靠父母。

5.回归大家庭，年轻人和青年夫妻投靠父母，岳父母，挤在不大的房子里生活。

6.女性大量失业，失足妇女数量增加。

7.生育率下降，都不想生孩子。

8.男性不再注重外表，胡子拉碴，在家庭的女性，以及保住工作的女性，不再追求时尚，回归传统审美，更保守，这体现在更长的裙子，更女性化的装扮，社会发展逆潮。

9.群众减少社交，人们大多用纸牌，棋类，低价的电影消磨时光，更多时间与家人在一起。

10.逆向城市化出现，回归农村，更精细的种地，获得粮食。

11.精神匮乏，精神病人大增，宗教盛行，神棍和邪教层出不穷。

1929年10月，美国华尔街股市发生了令人恐慌的暴跌，美国陷入大萧条 。

启示及影响

1929年美国的大萧条对全球经济和政治都产生了重大影响。华尔街股市的崩溃不仅使美国进入长达十年的深度经济衰退，而且还在全球范围内引发了一场经济危机。以下列举的是大萧条对随后世界政治局势的几个主要影响：

1. 极端主义的崛起：经济困难时期往往伴随着政治极端主义的出现。在许多有着深度经济问题的国家，极端主义政治力量开始崛起，特别是在德国。这种不稳定的政治氛围最终导致了希特勒上台，并引发了第二次世界大战。
2. 国家政策转变：对于许多国家来说，大萧条改变了政府对经济管理的态度和方法。例如，美国实施了“新政”，以扩大政府在经济中的作用、提供社会福利，以及保护工人权益，标志着美国政府开始更加积极地干预经济。
3. 全球贸易体系改变：许多国家开始寻求贸易保护主义以保护本国企业免受外国竞争的影响。同时，世界各国开始寻求经济合作和区域一体化，以防止类似的经济危机再次发生。
4. 各国扩大军备：在经济恶化及日益加剧的国际政治压力下，很多国家开始扩大军备，这也为世界战争的爆发埋下了伏笔。
   总的来看，1929年的美国大萧条不仅引发了全球范围的经济危机，而且重塑了世界的政治格局和经济结构，其影响至今仍然可见。

The Great Depression in the United States

Someone compiled eleven phenomena in societyduring the “Great Depression in the United States in 1929” as painful historical lessons, which are worth reading:

1. Massive unemployment amongordinary people. Unemployment was a prominent feature of the Great Depression, with the unemployment rate in the United States reaching 25% in 1931.
2. Overproduction and insufficient consumption. The poor could not afford to consume, the middle class did not dare to consume, and the economy spiraleddownward.
3. Stock market crash, bond market crash, rising interest rates, factory closures, or cuts in workers’ wages, and dramatic changes in group mentality.
4. Landlords evicted tenants who could not pay rent in large numbers, and young people were forced to live on the streets or rely on their parents.
5. Return to extended families, with young people and young couples relying on their parents and in-laws, living in small houses.
6. Massive unemployment of women and an increase in the number of women in prostitution.
7. The fertility rate declined, and people did not want to have children.
8. Men no longer paid attention to their appearance, and they were unshaven. Women in the family and women who kept their jobs no longer pursued fashion, returned to traditional aesthetics, became more conservative, which was reflected in longer skirts and more feminine dressing, and social development went against the tide.
9. People reduced social interaction, and most people spent their time playing cards, playing chess, and watching low-priced movies, spending more time with their families.
10. Reverse urbanization occurred, people returned to the countryside, and farming became more refined to obtain food.
11. Spiritual poverty, a large increase in the number of mental patients, the prevalence of religion, and the emergence of charlatans and cults.

In October 1929, the Wall Street stock market in the United States experienced a panic-driven plunge, and the United States fell into the Great Depression.

Implications and Impacts

The Great Depression in the United States in 1929 had a significant impact on the global economy and politics. The collapse of the Wall Street stock market not only led the United States into a decade-long deep economic recession but also triggered an economic crisis worldwide. The following are some of the major impacts ofthe Great Depression on the subsequent world political landscape:

1. The Rise of Extremism: Economic hardship often accompanies the emergence of political extremism. In many countries with profound economic problems, extremist political forces began to rise, especially in Germany. This unstable political atmosphere eventually led to Hitler’s rise to power and the outbreak of World War II.
2. Transformation of National Policies: For many countries, the Great Depression changed the government’s attitude and approach to economic management. For example, the United States implemented the “New Deal” to expand the government’s role in the economy, provide social welfare, and protect workers’ rights, marking the beginning of the U.S. government’s more active intervention in the economy.
3. Changes in the Global Trading System: Many countries began to seek trade protectionism to protect their domestic enterprises from foreign competition. Simultaneously, countries worldwide began to seek economic cooperation and regional integration to prevent similar economic crises from happening again.
4. Countries Expanded Their Armaments: Under the pressure of economic deterioration and escalating international political pressure, many countries began to expand their armaments, which also laid the groundwork for the outbreak of world war.

Overall, the Great Depression in the United States in 1929 not only triggered a global economic crisis but also reshaped the world’s political landscape and economic structure, the impacts of which are still visible today.